tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87160924707058296912024-03-06T00:01:44.556-08:00Tree Care CanadaTree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.comBlogger118125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-87041150614596866552014-06-19T04:20:00.000-07:002016-12-04T12:42:49.435-08:00Needle Cast In Spruce <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSDSJcxoX3J9NohZ0SV-uQ6f4A-29H-GVyTPRKDM7msJXkgpFSpkmmpJNdFSIT8Ttcx69RuG_IfmGcZ8BOqM5zgTg13XEXgqZYz2J-xna25TSiZ6H6_BIDo3o2fRl6EuYkNGvx9fIb19lv/s1600/needle+cast+2+DF.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSDSJcxoX3J9NohZ0SV-uQ6f4A-29H-GVyTPRKDM7msJXkgpFSpkmmpJNdFSIT8Ttcx69RuG_IfmGcZ8BOqM5zgTg13XEXgqZYz2J-xna25TSiZ6H6_BIDo3o2fRl6EuYkNGvx9fIb19lv/s1600/needle+cast+2+DF.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Do your spruce
trees look like they have short pants? A little thin? You may have Needle Cast
Disease and not know it!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Evergreens
typically retain their needles for up to 3 years. If they are stressed or
suffering from drought or disease they can lose them in one season. The
investment the trees make in the needles costs them valuable resources and when
they lose them prematurely they begin a downward spiral that may lead to death.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Needle Cast
Diseases are fungi and in spruce trees they are generally two types, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEGMY6Z463KzeBpAVmglvI0TkJg07WG-ifiGhTK9fn6YKZCA4sWNDN2zoq9EP9TFmzVPJGsWOo6Yp054lQj7QnWEJd7uDbe_Yxqvr1eDPx4n79UCSCtRN70TxD3RpsW980aoiDAAEwYjH-/s1600/needle+cast+DF.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEGMY6Z463KzeBpAVmglvI0TkJg07WG-ifiGhTK9fn6YKZCA4sWNDN2zoq9EP9TFmzVPJGsWOo6Yp054lQj7QnWEJd7uDbe_Yxqvr1eDPx4n79UCSCtRN70TxD3RpsW980aoiDAAEwYjH-/s1600/needle+cast+DF.jpg" width="240" /></a>Rhizosphaera needle cast or Stigmina needle cast. These are
caused by <i>Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii, and </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Stigmina lautii </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">respectively<i>.</i></span>These can be diagnosed by looking at the
fruiting bodies on infected needles with a microscope or strong hand lens.
Rhizosphaera fruiting bodies are rows of small smooth edged black dots coming
out of the stomata, tiny breathing holes, on the browning needles. Stigmina
fruiting bodies are black, in rows and are not as round or clearly defined as
Rhizosphaera. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Infected needles
will turn bronze and be dropped prematurely. This needle drop causes the tree
to decline and look sparse. Eventually the tree may die. Wet humid conditions
and lack of air flow all increase the chance of this disease spreading and
damaging your trees. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Chemical fungicides
are effective in controlling this disease. They must be applied according to label
directions and typically two or three applications are required. When the
needles are half elongated and when they are fully elongated is the recommended
timing. These treatments will need to be applied on a yearly basis for several
years until the plants recover. In the case of Stigmina this may be needed
yearly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Avoid watering on
the foliage, keep groups of trees spaced well to increase air flow. Prune out
dead branches and remove badly affected trees to limit the spread of the
disease. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">If you have
questions Certified Arborists are industry recognized experts in plant insect
and diseases control. Contact your I.S.A. Certified Arborist to see if you think
you have this damaging plant disease.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-81635811481956025802014-05-19T04:20:00.000-07:002014-05-19T04:20:00.952-07:00European Pine Saw Fly <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">These gregarious
larvae will wave in unison as you approach and resume munching on your Mugo pine
as soon as you leave. This joint reaction is thought to deter predators from the feeding colony.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The European Pine
Sawfly, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Neodiprion sertifer</i>, is the
larvae of a non-stinging relative of bees and flies. It is as its name would
imply a native of Europe and was accidentally introduced into North America in
the late 1920’s. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Young first instar,
the larvae as it emerges from the egg, feed on new soft growth on conifers in late
April to early May. As they grow they will move to feeding on older last year’s
growth. The preferred host plants are two needle pines like, Jack pine, Scots
pine, and Japanese two needle pines. They have been known to feed on red pines
as well as white pines. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The larvae feed in
large groups of 40 to 200 individuals; this limits the effect of predators as
well as creating local areas of intense feeding. This feeding can disfigure and
even kill individual branches in specimen trees. Though seldom fatal too host
plants repeated infestation can reduce the vigor of healthy trees and leave
them susceptible to other diseases and insects.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Once the larvae
grow and develop through a series of instars, larval stages, they migrate down
the tree to the soil where they spin a cocoon. In the cocoon they transform
into wasp like creatures. The adult forms emerge in September and October, quickly
mating and laying eggs on the needles for next year’s generation. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The fertilized female
lays groups of the small yellow, rice shaped eggs. These are <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>laid or glued as a sticky elongate coating on
needles in the upper branches of the tree. The eggs overwinter, emerging to
start the cycle next spring.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Control can be as
easy as hand picking needles with eggs off the pines in the fall, or spraying
them with a blast of cold water in the spring. Insecticidal soap is effective if
applied to the early stages of larvae. Once the larvae are in the final instar,
last stage before they descend, they have stopped feeding. This makes control ineffective.
Chemical control is available and should be applied according to label
direction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">If you have ornamental
pines ISA Certified Arborists are industry recognized experts in plant insect control.
Contact your I.S.A. Certified Arborist to see if you have this damaging plant
pest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For more
information on this subject or any plant health care related questions please
feel free to ask Professor Tree at the link in the right margin. </span></div>
<br />
<br />Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0North America49.382372787009551 -98.085937529.33258528700955 -139.3945315 69.432160287009552 -56.7773435tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-15983132928688035332014-04-19T01:00:00.000-07:002014-04-19T01:00:06.077-07:00Spots On Your Apples <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMe1Z4IhHsXPYFic7ZHa0YaXIqDWqfRk9Q7-CGqeznEt7-r4nok5P17MRg3Q1-5cdD2VfbXt0cmcEPA5qpxzJhoKImhUdQawQhV19v8FCMdHsWhCyCqAdME2f_FzApQ3iuK1gTNjSquUz-/s1600/apple+maggot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMe1Z4IhHsXPYFic7ZHa0YaXIqDWqfRk9Q7-CGqeznEt7-r4nok5P17MRg3Q1-5cdD2VfbXt0cmcEPA5qpxzJhoKImhUdQawQhV19v8FCMdHsWhCyCqAdME2f_FzApQ3iuK1gTNjSquUz-/s1600/apple+maggot.jpg" height="172" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisj92oFrhAZWMdGeFqPP9Q3eXtIwxhrHR0j1msHfCV6iPx1xKdi1ZW5qtaxfJgkfSyh9LjZc3S4KluS6c8-9dy7tjnFN7h7Kl8qW-S2n2XccIt_TeDMaclftW_lcx2hrof_6njUruVJuJT/s1600/apple_maggot_wing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisj92oFrhAZWMdGeFqPP9Q3eXtIwxhrHR0j1msHfCV6iPx1xKdi1ZW5qtaxfJgkfSyh9LjZc3S4KluS6c8-9dy7tjnFN7h7Kl8qW-S2n2XccIt_TeDMaclftW_lcx2hrof_6njUruVJuJT/s1600/apple_maggot_wing.jpg" height="188" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<h2>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">If you would like to not have
spots on your apples and leave the birds and the bees this article may be just
what you’re looking for. Apple Maggot, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rhagoletis pommonella</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, is a small fly that infests a variety of hosts including crab apple, apples, plum, hawthorn, and occasionally apricots. It has a wide
range from North Eastern United States through to Southern Manitoba, Canada</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The spots on your
apples are created when the female of the species punctures the skin of the
fruit laying her eggs. The eggs then hatch and burrow though the apples causing
the characteristic traces or brown discolored tunnels in the flesh of the
fruit. The plant often responds by dropping infected fruit. Once the fruit is
dropped the larvae emerge and pupate in the soil under the host tree. Some
fruit remains on the host until fall and larvae develop at a slower pace in
these fruits. This leads to a long period of emergence for adults in t the
following spring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Adults emerge the
following spring just after the apples have finished blooming and continue to
emerge for the next two months. The insects are small flies, slightly smaller
than a house fly with black bodies and distinctive black bands on their clear
wings. They emerge sexually immature and take a week to 10 days to fully
develop. While maturing they feed on honeydew secreted by aphids. Once mature
they congregate and mate on fruit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The female lays as
many as 300 eggs in her 30 day life span.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Control of this
pest is difficult due to the long period of adult emergence. Chemical controls can
be effective if applied at the very end of the flowering period and every 10
days thereafter until the adults are no longer emerging. Time applications to
begin after flowers start to loose petals and you will have minimal impact on pollinators
such as bees. Horticultural oils can reduce the population of aphids and limit
food sources for immature adults. Bright red plastic sticky apples and yellow
paper sticky traps can be used to scout for the emergence of adults. Culturally,
prompt removal of all dropped apples throughout the season helps to break the
life cycle. Dropped apples should be disposed of sanitarily off site. Removing alternate
hosts in wild adjacent areas will also help to reduce populations. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">If you have
questions about apple maggot contact your</span> I.S.A. Certified Arborist to see if you have this damaging plant
pest.</div>
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">I.S.A Certified
Arborists are industry recognized experts in plant insect and diseases control. </span></div>
Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-2017487168513410892014-03-19T04:20:00.000-07:002014-03-19T04:20:00.427-07:00Canker Worms<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLG__2LEjk6GK16SaY46VnXnUlsvTbhI91qjY5BlFGfMvbHPeUELg9mTzYFZmNJbB98l9i-Dn-GmKlvvAiZIdWwbtOnvU9-V8un7t3j9IkytXafN6rLLQ_Dkw0JVM1O5Uzl02Mbx_HgGwH/s1600/mapleleaf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLG__2LEjk6GK16SaY46VnXnUlsvTbhI91qjY5BlFGfMvbHPeUELg9mTzYFZmNJbB98l9i-Dn-GmKlvvAiZIdWwbtOnvU9-V8un7t3j9IkytXafN6rLLQ_Dkw0JVM1O5Uzl02Mbx_HgGwH/s1600/mapleleaf.jpg" height="200" width="184" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>It’s Raining Worms! </b></span><br />
<br />
Severe
infestations of these pests can make it seem like worms are dropping
from above! My first recollection of these insects was during a picnic
in Lock Port when we had to sit far away from the elm trees to avoid
these landing in our potato salad. <br />
These pesky larvae are the
rapidly growing off spring of two different insects. Spring Canker Worm,
Paleacrita vernata and Alsophila pometaria , the Fall Canker Worm. <br />
Between the two they can defoliate your trees faster than a late frost. <br />
These indiscriminate feeders will dine on, apple, ash, beech, birch, box elder, elm, hickory, lindens, other maples and oaks. <br />
The
adult males of these insects are nondescript grey moths; the females
are similar but are wingless and crawl up host trees to lay eggs. The
larvae are 20 to 30 mm long, (1 inch) and can be green to reddish brown
or black with several stripes along their bodies. Larvae inch along in a
looping manner and are sometimes called inch worms because of this.
There tube shaped bodies have small bumps or pro legs on the front lower side tat aid in identification.
The Fall Canker Worm has three sets of these pro legs and the Spring
Canker Worm two.<br />
Damage occurs when the voraciously feeding larvae
devour leaves, skeletonizing the leaves leaving only the veins and mid
rib of the leaves. Several years of heavy infestation can lead to
mortality in affected trees. <br />
Adults emerge in the fall in the case
of Fall Canker Worms and spring for the Spring Canker Worm. The Fall
Canker Worm mates, lay eggs and dies shortly afterwards leaving their
eggs to overwinter on the tree. Spring Canker Worms overwinter as pupae
in the soil and emerge in spring as adults.<br />
The wingless Spring
Canker Worm females crawl up the tree and lay their eggs in early
spring. Eggs from both types of insects hatch around the time of
American elm bud break. They work their way out to the new foliage and
begin feeding.<br />
The wingless female is the key to success when it
comes to using controls like sticky bands around the bark of trees.
Paper bands backed with insulation covered with sticky tangle foot stops
the females as they migrate up the tree to lay eggs. These should be
removed from time to time to prevent damage to the bark. When using them
take care that the females have not formed a bridge allowing others to
avoid being stuck in the sticky trap. Bacteria based sprays that work
well on Canker Worms are available and can be effective if applied while
the larvae are actively feeding. Chemical controls are also available
check label directions for timing and application recommendations.<br />
If
you have questions Certified Arborists are industry recognized experts
in plant insect and diseases control. Contact your I.S.A. Certified
Arborist to see if you have this damaging plant pest.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://us-mg6.mail.yahoo.com/compose?to=gurrb@yahoo.com"><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1390756734_0"></span></a>Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0Brandon, MB, Canada49.848471 -99.95009040000002249.6847025 -100.27281390000002 50.012239500000007 -99.627366900000027tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-83511940882271040422014-02-19T04:30:00.000-08:002014-02-19T04:30:00.167-08:00Male Ash Flower Bud Gall Mite <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdyOVINwUcChTAEq-PZ22aI7RCItvAye-yzrtsU0MkFTYXG2b9EP3IXmqkQCUi5aMl6_n2mWQFYItGFFLCKs8CdmXpejFPUyGfaz0XaMUSyELhYKAo_WZGW5A_WYZ1-KX0CMdg_ZHIkyng/s1600/Ash+Tree+With+Galls.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdyOVINwUcChTAEq-PZ22aI7RCItvAye-yzrtsU0MkFTYXG2b9EP3IXmqkQCUi5aMl6_n2mWQFYItGFFLCKs8CdmXpejFPUyGfaz0XaMUSyELhYKAo_WZGW5A_WYZ1-KX0CMdg_ZHIkyng/s1600/Ash+Tree+With+Galls.jpg" height="400" width="300" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">This tongue twister
of a pest with a passion for Fraxinus flowers has a curious life cycle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A small mite, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eriophyes fraxiniflora</i> can cause
unsightly damage to your Ash trees. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To be clear this pest only attacks the Male flowers of the
ash tree. Ash are a dioecious species, that being trees that have only male
flowers on one set of individuals of the species and female flowers on the
other set of individuals. Female ash trees bear copious numbers of winged seeds
that can be a nuisance in the landscape. For this reason many people plant only
male trees and this makes an abundance of available hosts for this pest.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU-d1vCympiEICiYG5sdSbD7Tf_endSkWwL-CiG1sTIdG-7A2PhRUoU1UXFiecyYgaap9VMtAMZrFp6lL0SNG6sVVrK2ckkmsSYcqbVgb8i5JXremavdnYwP83TnbtLa_aMxL82TsGImEZ/s1600/Ash+Gall+Cose+up.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU-d1vCympiEICiYG5sdSbD7Tf_endSkWwL-CiG1sTIdG-7A2PhRUoU1UXFiecyYgaap9VMtAMZrFp6lL0SNG6sVVrK2ckkmsSYcqbVgb8i5JXremavdnYwP83TnbtLa_aMxL82TsGImEZ/s1600/Ash+Gall+Cose+up.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The damage from
this pest, twisted brown galls are most visible in the dead of winter, but the
injury occurred months earlier when the trees flower in spring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The normal progression is for the flowers to
fall off the tree once they have completed flowering. However as the summer
progresses the distorted mite damaged flowers remain on the tree and turn into
unsightly brown balls. While the trees will not be killed by this activity
their twig growth will be very distorted. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The mites become
active as new tissue emerges in the spring and they begin to dine on unfolding
tissue. They secrete tissue distorting chemicals as they feed and the ash tree
forms galls.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Control of these
pests can be difficult but early season horticultural oil will provide some
control if applied when buds first break. Similarly miticides applied at this
time will control these pests. Ash trees flower early in spring and care must
be taken to time the applications correctly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Ash trees are
currently under pressure from the potential of Emerald Ash Borer infestation
and are not recommended for planting. Keeping them healthy and growing strong
can help protect them from other insect infestation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">If you have
questions, Certified Arborists are industry recognized experts in plant insect
and diseases control. Contact your I.S.A. Certified Arborist to see if you have
this damaging plant pest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-52129287091366959842014-01-18T04:32:00.000-08:002014-02-22T07:17:21.130-08:00Frost Cracks and Sun Scald<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Winter’s severe cold weather takes its toll on all of
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This uneven cooling and heating sets up stress inside of
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Heating and quick cooling can also cause the phenomenon of
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sunscald and frost cracks normally occur on the south and
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The stress caused by differential heating can cause the tree
to split outright, as is the case with frost cracks or just damage the living
cells in the cambium layer and result in sun scald . The cambium is a layer of
growing and dividing cells just under the bark but above the hard wood of the
tree. When the cambium is damaged the bark will crack and peel off leaving dead
regions of trunk.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV0qxxDXDeB67W6qQH_lVxPcWkP468tvlIOcxFqo_G9PU-0YgNMpdp0bFh-_mgEabw3fJLWzZ-mwE4QCusjDs8zkrfwP7XKJb1vocF4j_fVrvQE3aDyMFeYRUi3AuaO9BeSsZiTdqFsQZC/s1600/frost+crack.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV0qxxDXDeB67W6qQH_lVxPcWkP468tvlIOcxFqo_G9PU-0YgNMpdp0bFh-_mgEabw3fJLWzZ-mwE4QCusjDs8zkrfwP7XKJb1vocF4j_fVrvQE3aDyMFeYRUi3AuaO9BeSsZiTdqFsQZC/s1600/frost+crack.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Once a frost crack occurs and the tree is split there is no
chance it will rejoin and “heal”.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The crack itself allows fungi and other pathogens to enter
in to the heartwood of the tree and can lead to decay. While this does lead to
a reduction in strength it does not always lead to failure, immediately or in
the near future. Trees with this condition can live for many years and be
effective elements in a landscape. If the tree is close to structures or areas
where people sit it should be inspected regularly and well maintained. The tree
responds by trying to grow over the crack, however the growth itself pushes the
crack wider. In the end the tree may fail prematurely but not unexpectedly if
your Arborist has pointed this out. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sun scald damages large areas of cambium in newly planted
trees and they should be considered for replacement. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wrapping newly planted trees with white paper and protecting
the trunks of trees with understory plantings are two solutions that can be
used for new plantings. Be sure to remove paper wrappings once the threat of
frost has passed. Once trees are established you may not have to wrap them.
Over pruning, or lifting of young trees will contribute to damage from the sun
so use caution when removing the lower branches from young trees. If you have a
planting project in mind or suspect you have sun scald or frost cracks contact
you I.S.A. Certified A</span>rborist.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I.S.A Certified Arborists are constantly updated on the
latest planting and pruning methods backed up by scientific research on tree
wound response. </span></div>
Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-61844040844679146022013-03-18T06:36:00.000-07:002014-02-20T17:15:41.916-08:00Viburnum Leaf Beetle<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<h2 style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">If
you find your viburnum’s leaves looking a bit odd this spring you may have problems
with Viburnum Leaf Beetle, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-weight: normal;">Pyrrahalta viburni. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> This beetle was first discovered
in North America in 1947 around Ontario’s Niagara region. It has since spread
east and south to the Maritime Provinces and the North Eastern United States. </span></span></h2>
<b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><br />
<h2 style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">This
beetle larvae is most commonly found on native and imported viburnums including,
</span></span></h2>
<b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">European cranberry,
high bush cranberry, arrow wood viburnum, Rafinesque viburnum.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">It will also feed
on Sargent viburnum, wayfaringtree viburnum, nannyberry and blackhaw viburnum. Some
resistant viburnum includes Korean spice, leather leaf, double file viburnum
and several others.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Scouting for raised
egg masses on the upper twigs in early spring can give you a jumpstart on
controlling this pest.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">The damage can be extensive,
consisting mainly of leaf skeletonization by larvae and shot hole feeding by
adults. Egg deposition on twigs by females may result in twig die back.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Significant
defoliation may occur if the population is high and conditions are favorable.
Repeated defoliation may result in plant mortality, and will certainly reduce
utility in the landscape.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Viburnum Leaf
Beetle produces one generation per year overwintering as eggs deposited on twigs
by the females the previous year. Females can lay up to 500 eggs in a season
before frost kills the adults.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Lavae emerge in May
and feed gregariously on new foliage, skeletonizing leaves down to only the mid
ribs. Larvae fall to the ground and pupate and emerge in July to feed on new
foliage and create irregular holes in leaves. Adults are active, mating and
feeding until the end of the season. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Removing egg masses
by pruning is an effective cultural control, ladybugs will also feed on larvae
and reduce numbers. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Chemical controls
are effective in controlling larvae and adults. Applications should take place
to coincide with larval emergence as well as a second application at adult emergence.
Systemic insecticides are also effective in controlling both stages.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">I.S.A Certified
Arborists are industry recognized experts in plant insect and diseases control.
Contact your I.S.A. Certified Arborist to see if you have this damaging plant
pest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-37934177228811608522013-02-18T12:06:00.000-08:002013-02-24T15:27:01.788-08:00Pine Needle Scale on Spruce<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnukeRpVJ2ANcmQ1FWs1hUPdF2p7SrjFA_aHvBkcpxcnFFyGusMEKcESzCsgtZU1wCbseu9NxQjSFppwq4dcljKu5QMkbQBNK6G_vHWQhdvoo4IDXITe9XAnzpcfD9ugRgKhJLFifinp5f/s1600/pine+needle+scale+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnukeRpVJ2ANcmQ1FWs1hUPdF2p7SrjFA_aHvBkcpxcnFFyGusMEKcESzCsgtZU1wCbseu9NxQjSFppwq4dcljKu5QMkbQBNK6G_vHWQhdvoo4IDXITe9XAnzpcfD9ugRgKhJLFifinp5f/s400/pine+needle+scale+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">If you look closely at the
needles of your spruce tree and find tiny rice-like flecks of white on them you
probably have pine needle scale, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-weight: normal;">Phenecaspis penefolia. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> This scale
does attack pines, however it is most commonly found on white and Colorado blue
spruce. Scots pine, lodge pole pine and Douglas fir are also affected by this
pest. Damage can be as little as yellowed follliage, or if the population is high <span style="font-size: small;">significant</span> defoliation can occur.</span> </span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">The white armor scale
cover on these insects looks like small flecks of paint on the host plants needles.
You can see the white scale at most times of the year however the female scale
may have already died leaving her empty or egg filled scale behind. Eggs are laid
in the fall of the year and hatch in the spring of the following year. Eggs
hatch in mid may around the time when lilacs are blooming; the crawlers then
move to new needles where they insert there mouth pieces and begin sucking sap
from the tree. Once they settle in the loose their appendages and start to
secrete the waxy scale that will cover them for the rest of their life. Males may
or may not be present.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">The nymphs are
spread from tree to tree by wind or birds. Eggs are laid under the scale by the
females in the fall. Typically in northern areas there is one generation per year. </span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Verdant oil or
registered chemical control must be applied when the crawlers are active and
exposed. Typically this occurs early May to early June when the common lilac is
in bloom. Crawlers will appear over a two to three week window of time so
repeated applications of oil may be necessary. Another simple way to determine
crawler emergence is to take several infested branches from your plant, put
them in a well-sealed zipper bag and put it on your desk or shelf out of the
sun. Check the bag daily and when the foliage appears to have fine orange dust
or speck on it they have hatched. Again you will be a week ahead of the hatch
in the outdoors as your office should be warmer than the woods. </span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">I.S.A Certified
Arborists are industry recognized experts in plant insect and diseases control.
Contact your I.S.A. Certified Arborist to see if you have this damaging plant
pest.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-23956566096714203062013-01-18T18:00:00.000-08:002013-02-10T18:04:36.070-08:00Scale Back?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVaUD3PNZZPPYP-XQihupSSeZ5uBZBGOxpcgGrpfq0IZxviC6cO7jtmRJFOQG2tkFVF9exqwG0Fh2bizhadUORn3proFPx-Dus1jKWr0X9yFXhoH7PWiLt0BK9RkeA90menANtlIX4-ph4/s1600/cedar+scale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVaUD3PNZZPPYP-XQihupSSeZ5uBZBGOxpcgGrpfq0IZxviC6cO7jtmRJFOQG2tkFVF9exqwG0Fh2bizhadUORn3proFPx-Dus1jKWr0X9yFXhoH7PWiLt0BK9RkeA90menANtlIX4-ph4/s400/cedar+scale.jpg" width="400" /> </a> </div>
<h4>
photo tcc</h4>
<h4>
</h4>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">If you find your arborvitae
looking sickly and covered in black sticky scale, chances are you have Fletcher
Scale, </span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Parthenolecanium </span><span class="highlightedsearchterm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">fletcher</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">i</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><i>.</i> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">This soft scale attacks a variety of hosts cedars, arborvitae,
yews, hemlocks, and occasionally junipers. </span></b><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The most commonly seen
stage of this insect’s life cycle is the female, who forms an almost
hemispherical tan/brown protective scale where she is attached to the stem of
the host tree or shrub. It is from this protective cover that she inserts her
moth parts in to the phloem of the plant and dines on carbohydrate rich sap.
This sugar rich diet results in the scale secreting the excess carbohydrate as sticky
honey dew that coats the foliage below the scales. This sugar is then attacked
by a sooty mold that turns the foliage black. If the infestation is severe the
plant will turn yellow and will lose foliage. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Females are the
only known sex that these scales exhibit. Reproduction is by parthenogenesis, without
sex. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The female lays as
many as 600 eggs in May and these will hatch in June, into crawlers that move a
short distance to a feeding site. They remain in this feeding site as a second
instar nymph, (developmental stage) until next spring when they rapidly develop
into mature females.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Control of this
pest is not difficult if your timing is perfect. Treating early in the year
with appropriate dormant oil reduces the number of overwintering second instar
nymphs. Verdant oil or registered chemical control must be applied when the
crawlers are active and exposed. Typically this occurs early June to early
July. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Because timing
varies due to climate, when Japanese tree lilac, or little leaf linden are
blooming, you are a week ahead of crawler hatch. Another simple way to
determine crawler emergence is to take several infested branches from your
plant, put them in a well-sealed zipper bag and put it on your desk or shelf
out of the sun. Check the bag daily and when the foliage appears to have fine
orange dust or speck on it they have hatched. Again you will be a week ahead of
the hatch in the outdoors as your office should be warmer than the woods.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">I.S.A Certified Arborists
are industry recognized experts in plant insect and diseases control. Contact
your I.S.A. Certified Arborist to see if you have this damaging plant pest.</span></span></div>
Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-15431355625995355692012-11-18T15:29:00.000-08:002013-02-24T15:35:50.134-08:00Lessons from Sandy and Others<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3ce-JGH5thFv4OQA-Jz0SeGHNN8PGxzDd8-xTiwGOnTgQUE4NL29DcWbJZPGV3L9N7N_iPge8j5seSvGV973Kdmm0WZKmoGmbrz1f2ojCaQqN1kXDqclrQ216sCw_jhdrOvKIcg0Wimsc/s1600/co+dominance.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3ce-JGH5thFv4OQA-Jz0SeGHNN8PGxzDd8-xTiwGOnTgQUE4NL29DcWbJZPGV3L9N7N_iPge8j5seSvGV973Kdmm0WZKmoGmbrz1f2ojCaQqN1kXDqclrQ216sCw_jhdrOvKIcg0Wimsc/s400/co+dominance.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">If
you survived Sandy, Irene, Lee, or Ernesto, on TV or in real life you may have
learned a few lessons of your own.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">As
a person who cares for trees daily, both in the practical and abstract sense,
it was a tragic tutorial that I will not forget. I have to date not experienced
the level of destruction to property nor do I expect to again. Personally we
had a large oak tree slam an 80 year old masonry fire place into a pile of
rubble. It was thankfully; a ways from the house and it can be rebuilt. Many
people were not so lucky. I have also seen the ensuing panic that has no doubt
resulted in many unnecessary tree removals in the name of safety.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">All
trees are at risk of failing, I want to say that right up front. As long as
there is gravity, wind and the weather this will continue to be a possibility. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">We
live with risk every day and the key is to look at it objectively and try to
minimize it where possible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 318.75pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The key to mitigating risk is knowledge and
preparation. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Inadvertently
I participated in an experiment that yielded surprisingly predictable results.
A year and several months ago on October 29<sup>th</sup> 2011, we experienced a
heavy snow and ice storm that caused tremendous numbers of broken limbs. Over
the next year, in several different operations, we removed the broken branches,
reduced the numbers of branches, and cabled and supported all of the trees
except one. That tree had a large bracket fungus halfway up its canopy where
the two main trunks split into co-dominant leaders. Based on my observations
that tree would have to eventually be removed. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">While
I was waiting for the appropriate time to remove the tree, Super Storm Sandy
arrived and her 85 mph winds howled through the trees and across the rain
soaked saturated soils. Not one of the trees that we had reduced the canopy,
pruned broken branches from or installed preventative cables in failed. The
trees that were pruned were of higher priority as they would have certainly
caused damage to the house had they fallen on it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The
one tree we ignored popped out of the ground and fell like a gavel on our
masonry fireplace, across the fence and into the garden.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">There
is a conceptual equation for accessing the potential risk presented by a tree
in a landscape. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">It
is as follows: Risk = Potential x Environment x Target. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Risk
increases if you have a potential for failure like, a weak crotch, overextended
limb or cavity. If you have an environment that increases the possibility of
failure like a newly exposed face or area that was previously sheltered, a wet
site with shallow roots, or a change in grade due to construction. All of this
means nothing if you don’t have a target like a structure or even children
playground equipment. All of these elements are not created equally and it
takes a trained professional to understand all the potential problems that
create and reduce risk. ISA Certified Arborists have continuous training that
helps them to keep up with the latest tree risk information.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Have
you contacted your Arborist to review your changing landscape?</span></div>
Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-86918468598018273462012-10-18T09:52:00.001-07:002012-12-09T10:36:38.384-08:00Defending the Delicious<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCrmphw9DtBhtVeixywLA6XFILUkrg4ko58Jo4lBTI7wuekXO-TGlNuHizah6rSz4nOb1BfYHcwYO-aN9K6cLh7kYfkkwfr7dI7QM8KRWfrVIqnY-Bq87-zJj18vJa0MpYNhZElDvRIw6v/s640/blogger-image--522037455.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCrmphw9DtBhtVeixywLA6XFILUkrg4ko58Jo4lBTI7wuekXO-TGlNuHizah6rSz4nOb1BfYHcwYO-aN9K6cLh7kYfkkwfr7dI7QM8KRWfrVIqnY-Bq87-zJj18vJa0MpYNhZElDvRIw6v/s640/blogger-image--522037455.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">If
you’re a fan of plants, you may not be a fan of deer eating them.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">I
enjoy deer watching... from a distance that is. A good fence makes great
neighbors and it can certainly help a great garden. however If you
are like many of us who don't want the expense or incarcerated look and feel of
living inside a fenced compound you do have options.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
best defense is a great offense and deer are complex creatures of habit. When
they feel safe and find delicious food, they will include your trees shrubs and
greenery on their daily wanderings. As with any Unwelcome guest making them
feel more than a little uncomfortable speeds their departure and reduces the
chance they will return.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Deer
have a varied menu of trees shrubs and plants the will eat and in a pinch this
grows to include normally unpalatable items like spruce, tree bark and wood.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">These
are listed in order of desperation and are not exclusive; they will eat whatever
is available to survive.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">They
generally prefer lush energy rich plants like hosta or evergreens with softer
needles like taxus or hemlock.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">You
can just plant trees and shrubs that are deer resistant but that leads to a
dull landscape.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
best defense short of an 8 foot fence is a multi-pronged assault on all the
deer's senses. Smell, taste and sound are three primary senses used by deer to
navigate their way in the landscape. Sight, and particularly motion are also
factors that influence a deer by making them feel less at ease. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Change
and motion in the landscape creates feelings of unease and the potential
for predators to sneak up on them well feeding makes the deer less likely to
linger and sample your garden. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">There
are many taste and smell deterrents available that use a variety of ingredients
including blood, urine, garlic, rotten eggs and a variety of mouth burning
spices and peppers. They all work to some extent, but deer, being creatures of
habit will eventually adjust to the taste and smell and eat your
trees and shrubs in spite of your repeated spraying. A change will do you good!
Change up your spray by using a variety of different sprays. This reduces
habituation and acts on a variety of senses. Deer don't like this unpleasant
change. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Blocking
trails, and reducing bedding and birthing areas in your immediate hinterland
will also take the game to a new level. Keep in mind that other people use
trails before you pile brush or put log mats across them. Placing a few
brushy branch piles on sites that deer lay down to rest on is a sure way to
keep them on the move,</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">If
a doe does give birth near your garden the feeding pressure will be increased
as the new mother will not travel far to feed while the fawns are small. She
will eat a much greater variety of non-preferred foods while she nurses and
stays close to the birthing area. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Encouraging
you dog to mark its territory at the boundary of your garden is also an
effective deterrent. Motion sensing sprinklers, lights and other high tech
gadgets are also effective as part of an overall program of wholesale unfriendliness.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Sound
deterrents are useful as they not only startle the deer but create a sense of
unease at the lack of ability to hear the approach of predators. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">As
with all deterrents sound devices must change and have variability to prevent
them from becoming routine and ignored. All this can seem like a lot of work
and it can be, you have to keep in mind that your garden has to be peacefully
and accessible. Thankfully our senses are much less keen than the average deer
so we don't smell the repellents or hear the ultrasonic devices. There are
companies that will provide a regular deer repellent spray program and this can
be very effective as it takes the burden of scheduling off the home owners. Most
of these programs change their formulas periodically to keep ahead of the deer.
There are also companies that provide a dedicated deer deterrent program to
take the entire process to a higher level while allowing you to plant what you
want. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">ISA
certified arborists are aware of what trees and shrubs are deer resistant in
your landscape. Contact your land ISA Certified arborist to discuss your
options for limiting deer damage on your landscape.</span></div>
Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0Victoria Ave, Brandon, MB R7A, Canada49.842521481755789 -99.95378494262695349.832280981755787 -99.973525942626949 49.852761981755791 -99.934043942626957tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-15067815114790012952012-09-18T02:47:00.000-07:002012-10-10T02:58:32.354-07:00New Rust in Town<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> photo TCC</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For the Bradford pear the long reign as the most trouble
free tree may have come to an end. Recent laboratory confirmed cases of Pear
Trellis Rust <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Gymnosporangium sabinae</i>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have been located in the North Eastern United
States . While it has been present in Southern Ontario since 2007 and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is a common disease in the Pacific North East
and Europe it has not been discovered beyond those areas. Pears, up to this point,
have been free from most pests and had only their poor structure to cause
problems in the landscape. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Like most rusts, Pear Trellis Rust requires two distinct
hosts at different times of the year. The summer host, the pear, is the most
disfigured by the rust and may become completely defoliated if the outbreak is
severe. Repeated unchecked out breaks could result in die back and mortality.
The winter host, the juniper, is much less severely affected. The disease over
winters as a gall on the juniper erupting in the spring with bright orange
gelatinous fruiting structures called telia. These structures produce spores
that are blow in the wind to the nearest pear. Under ideal conditions these can
travel up to four miles. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The effect on
landscape trees is dramatic. After the initial infection causing reddish orange
blotches on the leaves the leaves turn brown they will fall from the tree throughout
the growing season. On fruit trees it will damage a crop in short order. While
the life-cycle of this disease is complicated, its unsightly effect on pears is
simply awful.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All pears appear to be susceptible to varying degrees. Cultural
controls like removing junipers from the area are not realistic given the close
proximity of the two hosts in a typical landscape. Even if you were able to
remove your junipers the possibility of there not being one in the area to act
as a secondary host is remote. As this is a newly discovered disease treatment
plans are still in the developmental stage and no fungicides are currently labeled
to control this disease. One suspects that in time a treatment regime similar
to apple rust will emerge and prove effective in controlling this new found nemesis
of pears.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Take the time to contact your ISA Certified Arborist today
and have your pears accessed for the potential impact of Pear Trellis Rust.
Panic is pointless, preparation is priceless.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-36961628869625628152012-08-18T05:08:00.000-07:002012-10-01T01:18:43.104-07:00Emerald Ash Borer Update 2012<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR-KeBfBzXUELLjMEhVOh3pw1R8aYkIRHrA92CiLoSCgcy6EmiiRD0TQ_b6WkJtc-BIE0FMwSAgieUt7w3SHuXngD4N0P87rEZoYsa4zJY94inVKdY4ysgC3wQnWJUPu-dnfjM7HTW6001/s1600/EAB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR-KeBfBzXUELLjMEhVOh3pw1R8aYkIRHrA92CiLoSCgcy6EmiiRD0TQ_b6WkJtc-BIE0FMwSAgieUt7w3SHuXngD4N0P87rEZoYsa4zJY94inVKdY4ysgC3wQnWJUPu-dnfjM7HTW6001/s1600/EAB.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Recent information has
confirmed that Emerald Ash Borer has been found in Northern Dutchess County in South Eastern New York. Though not unexpected, it is a milestone to have confirmed
its presence this side of the Hudson River.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Do you have a plan in place
to protect your valuable Ash trees? Treating your Ash trees before this bug
arrives has proven effective in protecting Ash trees from this deadly pest. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8716092470705829691" name="lw_1299327632_0"></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Emerald
Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) was discovered in the Detroit region in 2002
but was likely established in that area in the mid 1990's. This small
brilliantly green insect is from China, where it is a minor forest insect
living on weakened Ash trees in its native forests. American Ash trees have no
natural resistance and are excellent hosts to this pest. Once infested with
this pest Ash trees decline and eventually die in 2 to 3 years. Small or
stressed trees may die in one season. One mode of transport this beetle shares
with other destructive pests is its ability to spread by hitchhiking on
firewood. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quarantines prohibiting the
movement of firewood and raw wood products are in place or will be in place in
many areas by years end. Efforts to eradicate the pest have been largely
unsuccessful, leading one official to describe it as “cutting a hole in a doughnut". The beetles have often spread beyond the site of initial
infestation by the time they are detected and treated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Efforts are taking place to look for
naturally resistant selections of Ash as well as locate natural predators that
may reduce Emerald Ash Borer's destructive abilities. What can you as a home
owner do to be prepared for this pest? If it has been detected in your area you
will need to protect Ash trees you want to preserve.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">First you will need to assess
if you have Ash trees on your property and what the appropriate action you
should take. If you have Ash trees and want to protect them, you should
maintain the vigor of those trees with appropriate cultural measures. These may
include fertilization, root stimulants and mulching. Once EAB is close to your
area, there are proven systemic treatments that can prevent infestation by EAB.
Preparation and prevention are your best defenses against Emerald Ash Borer
damage. The chart below estimates the risk to your ash trees posed by EAB and can be described as follows:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0-5 miles from a known EAB
site- <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Extreme Risk, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5-10 miles from an EAB site <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>High Risk, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">10 miles and greater from an
EAB site <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Elevated Risk.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">If you are in an area that is
at elevated risk you should be developing a plan with the help of your ISA
Certified Arborist. Take the time to contact your ISA Certified Arborist today
and have your property accessed for the potential impact of Emerald Ash Borer.
Panic is pointless, preparation is priceless.</span></div>
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<![endif]--><br />Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-59725015854834131072012-07-14T05:03:00.000-07:002012-07-17T15:37:30.950-07:00Cedar Apple Rust<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-wBdk33ajgNZENqGWjL8PykqI_dB_Yoq3AOUsge9C-eikY87bB7pH_9PWp2VfAMEEj78ni2g5-_sO3jzsvxuX4xMtZK-S1aSbc_URbr6fuzGnual-00BBqbJq0P1j2L3qHhAhfDoDMvgT/s1600/Cedar+Apple+Rust.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-wBdk33ajgNZENqGWjL8PykqI_dB_Yoq3AOUsge9C-eikY87bB7pH_9PWp2VfAMEEj78ni2g5-_sO3jzsvxuX4xMtZK-S1aSbc_URbr6fuzGnual-00BBqbJq0P1j2L3qHhAhfDoDMvgT/s320/Cedar+Apple+Rust.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> PHOTO TCC</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cedar-Apple
Rust, caused by the fungal disease, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><i>Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae</i><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><i> </i>is another serious and
disfiguring disease of ornamental and fruit apples. Rust fungi are evolved
complex organisms that require two hosts to complete their life cycle. </span></i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-style: normal;">The first host of this
disease is Eastern red cedar, </span></i><span class="st">Juniperus virginiana</span><i><span style="font-style: normal;">,where the rust forms ball like structures with
fungal telial horns that forcibly eject the spores that spread the disease to
apples. Although these bright orange horned goo balls are quite alarming they
are usually not noticed on the juniper or mistaken for fruit or cones. Once the
spores from the juniper travel to the leaves of apples the real unsightly
damage occurs. </span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-style: normal;">On apples the spores
germinate and after a week or two cause orange pustules on the leaves of susceptible
apples. Rainy wet weather in the spring is ideal for the germination on
junipers and the spread and infection to apples.</span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-style: normal;">Once in the apple leaf,
given a short period of wet weather, the leaf lesions form fruiting structures
in mid to late summer and re-infect the juniper host where the disease over
winters. </span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-style: normal;">Cultural control, includes
removal of junipers in the vicinity of apples as well as planting disease
resistant varieties of apples. Avoiding mass plantings of apples and junipers
in landscapes reduces the amount of disease inoculum and the potential for
severe outbreaks.</span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-style: normal;">There are a number of fungicides
that are labeled for control of Cedar-Apple Rust. Typically they require
several applications starting at bud break and continuing every two weeks to
get suitable control. Fungicides may also be applied to junipers in mid to late
summer to reduce the back transmission from the apples to the junipers.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Your
I.S.A. Certified Arborist is up to date on the latest research on Cedar Apple
Rust and can help preserve your apple trees. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-86120351895295892332012-06-18T12:40:00.000-07:002012-07-03T03:07:54.564-07:00Scabs on Your Apple<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzTIZWQzHMi9cAlBZjMzCKzb8wQoBGsilOmaeSoqETAbz8wB9H_AlZkzDdBs8Ls9HqTrM-T8wg46NYFC_EhZVJcxs8gkUeqjs-_g0vLxi03uG6AJyB53LM9M36D0SHLmukjAwq3T2qL_GF/s1600/apple+scab+square_edited-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzTIZWQzHMi9cAlBZjMzCKzb8wQoBGsilOmaeSoqETAbz8wB9H_AlZkzDdBs8Ls9HqTrM-T8wg46NYFC_EhZVJcxs8gkUeqjs-_g0vLxi03uG6AJyB53LM9M36D0SHLmukjAwq3T2qL_GF/s320/apple+scab+square_edited-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"> photo bwg</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Apple
scab, caused by the fungal disease, </span><i>Venturia inaequalis</i><i><span style="font-style: normal;"> is one of the most
serious and disfiguring diseases of ornamental and fruit apples. Although the
name implies it is limited to apples, this disease can be found on many members
of the rose family. The hosts can include apples, hawthorns, fire thorns,
cotoneasters, and pears. </span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-style: normal;">The symptoms of this
disease are typically olive brown lesions on the leaves and sometimes on new
succulent shoots. The scabs are indistinct at the margins and if the infection
is severe they may coalesce into larger patches. The patchy lesions can be
found on flowers, fruit, leaves and twigs. The tree responds to this infection
by prematurely dropping infected leaves. Repeated severe infections can cause die back
after several years. </span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-style: normal;">The disease overwinters in
dropped leaves and affected twigs remaining on the tree. Wet spring conditions spread
spores and allow them to germinate on the leaves, initiating new infections.
The warmer the temperature, the shorter the amount of time it takes to initiate
and infection. The peak period of infection occurs when the trees are starting
to flower and continues until full bloom. Secondary infections will occur
throughout the spring and summer when conditions are wet for long periods of
time. </span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-style: normal;">Some cultural control,
including disposal of diseased leaves and twigs away from infected trees as
well as the removal of all leaves in the fall will help to reduce the intensity
of future infections. Planting disease resistant varieties and avoiding mass plantings
also reduce the amount of disease inoculum and the potential for sever
outbreaks. </span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-style: normal;">There are a number of
broad spectrum fungicides that are labeled for control of apple scab. Typically
they require several applications starting at bud break and continuing every
two weeks to get suitable control. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Your I.S.A. Certified Arborist is up to date on the
latest research and can help preserve your apple trees. </span>Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-31773261276543886992012-05-18T21:27:00.000-07:002012-06-17T04:25:31.822-07:00Dutch Elm Disease a 1% Chance<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiigdhPn9GKb7vpRru3mCDXZbHCOOCwI4SkxjRxL0iM1VV5LI7PK2BVQm46fnrVNjLb6B3OXrZ9Ab1eJLnUinguF6atdTq_PRASsfxOpDv-y5Dc5CzLQy48kVasBMVeVNGmO9TiFoozGLCD/s1600/DED+2012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiigdhPn9GKb7vpRru3mCDXZbHCOOCwI4SkxjRxL0iM1VV5LI7PK2BVQm46fnrVNjLb6B3OXrZ9Ab1eJLnUinguF6atdTq_PRASsfxOpDv-y5Dc5CzLQy48kVasBMVeVNGmO9TiFoozGLCD/s400/DED+2012.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;"> PHOTO BG</span></h3>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">May 18, 2012 </span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Every year at this time I bring attention to a tree disease
that rewrote the book on urban forestry. Dutch Elm Disease is a fungal disease
that, after decimating the elm forests of Europe early in the last century, was
discovered in New York in the 1930s and has since crossed the continent.
Described as 99% fatal to Ulmus americana, the American elm tree,. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Rapid growth and the ability to survive tough urban
conditions are two of the characteristics that made American elms the go to tree
for urban settings. Graceful vase like shapes lent themselves well to over street
canopies and spectacular alles.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">The only major drawback was its inability to survive the
introduced fungal pathogen Ophistoma ulmi. This disease combined with the
presence of a previously harmless bark beetle, created the perfect conditions
for a country wide epidemic. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">D.E.D. moved at a rapid pace, its sticky spores clinging to
the bodies of both native and introduced elm bark beetles. This combined with
people moving beetles and diseased firewood spread D.E.D throughout most of the
native range of this stately, street tree</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">With such a high mortality rate there were many who
predicted the eventual extinction of the American elm. However, there was right
from the beginning tiny numbers of trees that, in spite of being in the middle
of epidemic numbers of dead and dying trees, and plagued by hordes of bark beetles,
survived, continuing to grow and
prosper. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">There have been a number of programs funded and promoted by
governments of Canada and the United States that have brought forward many
potentially resistant examples of American elm. Through rigorous testing some
are proving to be very resistant to D.E.D.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">American efforts have resulted in American elm varieties
like “ Princeton”, “Valley Forge” and “ Deleware” all of which have been shown
to have some resistance to D.E.D. Canadian efforts to date have resulted in
several trees of note, “ Brandon” an American elm and Jacan a Japanese elm
pioneered by Dr. Wilbur Ronald formerly from Agriculture Canada’s Morden,
Manitoba facility. This later selection is in fact growing in Brandon,
Manitoba, on 10<sup>th</sup> St. and on Pacific Ave. at 15<sup>th</sup> St.
Jacan does not have the characteristic vase like shape but has proven to be an
excellent tree in other respects. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">As we move forward in an age of cloning and micro
propagation, efforts in Guelph, Ontario spear headed by </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Dr. Praveen
Saxena,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> have resulted in the ability to
mass produce resistant trees. This greatly increases the efforts to grow and
test resistant varieties as well as producing them for introduction. With so
many skilled and dedicated people working to find resistant American elms, one
can’t help but have hope that from the thin numbers of survivors a new
generation of elms will emerge and take their place on our city streets</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Your I.S.A. Certified Arborist is up to date on the latest
research and can help preserve your elm trees. </span></div>Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0323 13th St, Brandon, MB R7A 4A9, Canada49.843355 -99.95044249.193250500000005 -101.2138695 50.4934595 -98.687014499999989tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-89379064260985652382012-04-18T06:45:00.000-07:002012-05-05T06:51:56.594-07:00The Good Scout<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Deld7Cxb-qrKyMt60Sb9mYyQ4_akB95dWPQo8JdpaqXJHHZVVnTJ04LktP02r32SDj3_8fwhwb_gFHI2SKu339p5a5-injzBn3MTV5qiAVLOYG8J2renoZNyWoYhPXWIXzygXVeO0Dze/s1600/PANORAMA+HOUSE_edited-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Deld7Cxb-qrKyMt60Sb9mYyQ4_akB95dWPQo8JdpaqXJHHZVVnTJ04LktP02r32SDj3_8fwhwb_gFHI2SKu339p5a5-injzBn3MTV5qiAVLOYG8J2renoZNyWoYhPXWIXzygXVeO0Dze/s320/PANORAMA+HOUSE_edited-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In our previous article we discussed the history of pest
management on landscapes and how it has evolved over time into I.P.M. Integrated
pest management is the combination of cultural controls, like pruning and
fertilization, with tree pest and disease control when necessary. This may
sound contradictory but it is not, not all pests are at levels that impact the
tree and not all diseases significantly impact the health of the plant or its
utility in the landscape. Knowing the level of insect and disease pressure on a
plant is complicated but always starts with identification. Both the plant and
the problem must be correctly identified before the extent of the problem and
the necessity of treatment are determined. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The key to identification is having a good scout, you must
walk the property identify the trees and shrubs present and know the likely
insects and diseases that may impact the landscape. Knowing each and every
plant and disease is not possible as insects, diseases and the palate of plants
in the landscape are infinitely variable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Well, we as tree people and gardeners would like to think so, but sadly
the variability is somewhat limited. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 235.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The scouted landscape patrol puts a qualified technician on
your property armed with the tools of his trade, a keen knowledge of plants and
there problems, and a variety of solutions to any issues he may encounter. Once
the property has been scouted and the pest and disease problems have been
recorded on a form or journal, the specialist goes to work correcting them. This
may take the form of a spray or root zone injection or it could be a simple as
cutting a nest of ugly caterpillars from your cherry tree and correctly
disposing of them. Additional cultural treatments could include the removal of
a circled root that threatens to strangle your maple or a suggestion that you
relocate a sun loving lilac to a spot that is more open. Given the history of
the property, kept in the treatment journal or in a file where the scouting
reports are saved, the specialist may perform proactive preventative
treatments. This may prevent issues that will occur several seasons in the
future. For example, spider mites may be controlled in the spring when their
population is low and before they cause premature defoliation of your burning bush
in the fall. A simple application of horticultural oil at the right time on the
right plant can prevent failures in the landscape in the future. By correctly
limiting the amount and timing of applications you limit the number of
applications that are necessary to catch up later. Reducing the extent and
number of applications in your landscape is not only environmentally sound it’s
economically sensible.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Your I.S.A.
Certified Arborist is up to date on the latest research and can plan and
execute your scouted plant health care program with modern scientific techniques.</span>Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-57895903245671895752012-03-18T11:28:00.000-07:002012-04-01T11:31:37.337-07:00Towards The Good Scout<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUt2E9n_ZC_HJTVpFs8w6Q35CQjiURKj1qO04FkmTwzeawO-WW5qnEzjzPf6f8Dwp4RVBhlbppJra0UZfvTlCokcZ9PnpGMB9gykVjpxz7JKCZVQzriSPEGUMWSjyo2fNFK5uLNhB2WJEl/s1600/spraytruck.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 238px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUt2E9n_ZC_HJTVpFs8w6Q35CQjiURKj1qO04FkmTwzeawO-WW5qnEzjzPf6f8Dwp4RVBhlbppJra0UZfvTlCokcZ9PnpGMB9gykVjpxz7JKCZVQzriSPEGUMWSjyo2fNFK5uLNhB2WJEl/s400/spraytruck.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5726501567183109170" border="0" /></a><br /><!--[if gte mso 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style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >As long as there have been trees and shrubs there have been insects and diseases that live on and in them that reduce their beauty and utility in our landscapes and gardens.</span></span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >A former professor and colleague, still very much active in arboriculture, would repeatedly regale us with tales of the good old days when you could just spray everything with lead arsenate and DDT. (He did this with a great deal of humor) This pretty well killed everything and life appeared to be good. However the toxicity, both instantaneous and residual was dramatic, indiscriminate and long lasting. Thankfully we have continued to evolve the process of maintaining our trees and shrubs with less and less toxic treatments while relearning cultural methods that require no chemical inputs. Indiscriminate spraying can result in the destruction of beneficial predatory insects, pollinators leading to resistant super pests that are difficult to control. </span></span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >The discovery of chemical insect and disease controls was heralded as a dramatic breakthrough in both agriculture and horticulture. And it was, however old, time consuming practices such as breeding plant resistance and using cultural methods to limit the damage of pests were largely abandoned and forgotten when this new wave of chemical methods were embraced. Amazingly this “New Wave Approach “occurred in the 80’s, the 1880’s!<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It didn’t take long for problems linked to residual toxicity, and residue to spill over<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>markets and dinner tables of the country and the world. In 1891 the New York Board of Health seized shipments of grapes and threw them into the river because they had visible traces of “Bordeaux Mixture “a mixture of copper sulfate and lime. Good for the grape eaters, not so good for the Hudson river. A British Royal Commission recommended safe levels of arsenate in food crops in 1903 after a series of poisonings. The British also threatened a ban on imports of American apples in 1925 due to high levels of lead arsenate. The industry continued to develop and expand the use of chemicals. </span></span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >The realization that we may be harming ourselves and the environments continued to simmer until April Carson’s landmark book “Silent Spring” was published in 1962. This landmark book leads to the development of the modern environmental movement the initial steps towards finding a safer more environmentally friendly approach were called Integrated Pest Management. </span></span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >Integrated Pest Management seeks to combine cultural, physical, beneficial, and chemical controls into an integrated approach to insect and disease control. Moving beyond I.P.M. the scouted Plant Health Care program puts a trained specialist on site to carefully monitor the trees and shrubs in your garden and orchestrate the correct treatment regime when necessary. The goal is always to minimize the application of chemicals, when possible using nontoxic products or cultural methods to limit the impacts of pests to acceptable levels. All treatments are carefully recorded and reported to the property owner as well as kept on file for future reference. I will continue to discuss the details of this topic in my next article. Your I.S.A. Certified Arborist is up to date on the latest research and can plan and execute your scouted plant health care program with modern scientific techniques. </span></span></p>Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-52315023852417188212012-02-27T16:25:00.002-08:002012-02-28T03:38:58.131-08:00The Flush Cut Question<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtoG5V4BCvvIvi9krQml5BcuToTcn-RTXnYxTsboBYtA9tFIgarUEe2OSr8PbKopKmn3vFKWGvpxFCbd6LP8NM_G4d_QcEQ0EeUgHgzuzkGq9kq4wG6TOytRQ7Uo6J7a1v_JvPeiDs2VuT/s640/blogger-image-888985268.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img 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And the world of arboriculture was perfect. That was until someone came along, Dr. Alex Shigo, and did the research that showed that both of these practices resulted in increased injury and decay in trees. Shigo turned the world of scientific tree care upside down with the concept of “Natural Target Pruning”</span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"">The basis of this concept is that trees have evolved a biological mechanism that allows them to deal with the loss of branches while reducing the impact to the remaining tree. Trees have been losing branches for a long time, 250 million years, in the case of conifers. Angiosperms, the flowering plants, a group that contains such notable trees as, oak, elm, and ash is a group that have a fossil record dating back at least 130 million years. And they are highly adapted and extremely successful in dealing with branch loss. </span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"">The tissues of trees are at first glance are all wood, however from a seemingly uniform group of tissues specialized structures are present both macroscopically and microscopically. When trees naturally shed a branch they do so at a point called the branch collar. This point can be quite prominent on many trees and is an enlarged ring at the base of a branch. Beyond the branch collar there are only branch tissues as it marks the separation from the trunk tissues. Also at the branch collar are a group of wound wood tissues that, once a branch has been shed, form a growing callus layer that acts to cover or grow over the wound left by the shed branch. These tissues seal over the broken branch tissue and prevent the further entry of decay organisms into the trunk of the tree. Trees seal damaged wood and don’t heal damaged wood. Painting wounds with toxic paints and tars sealed decay <span style="font-weight: bold;">IN</span> the tree and prevented the tree from growing over the wound site.</span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"">Shigo also developed a model to describe the process whereby the tree prevents decay organisms that have already entered the trunk tissue from spreading. The tree sets up a set of barriers in the area where the now dead branch tissues come in contact with the living trunk tissue. This concept is called, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">C</b>ompartmentalization <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">O</b>f <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">D</b>ecay <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">I</b>n <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">T</b>rees. The CODIT concept was developed using many years of field autopsies on trees that had had branches removed. Based on patterns of decay and staining, where the tree was able to wall off decay coming from removed branches, Shigo was able to identify 4 distinct decay barriers, preventing decay from moving up, down, in and sideways in living trunk tissue. This research shed a great amount of light on what we have always been observing in trees.</span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"">Considering the amount of time we have spent in the presence of trees it is a wonder that we have only in the last century started to scientifically examine our practices in managing our beautiful co-inhabitants.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Your I.S.A. Certified Arborist is up to date on the latest research and can plan and execute your next pruning project with modern scientific techniques. </span></p> </div>Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-10661788319789571942012-01-31T04:04:00.000-08:002012-01-31T18:24:31.295-08:00The Dual Nature of Trees<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXiNXH3m1NxuuruRsHZATwvsXH-sAL1cEwKy8i6cTlbuCVgm0ejmM400pXLwoRrf-57cP3R_Z3j_yEaoL4VZja5_4MLh3qSj6bWgpRnuh55_-J4-IJ0g5LkiShxm1AxjgZ0pG5nUslp8zs/s1600/TwoTree.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXiNXH3m1NxuuruRsHZATwvsXH-sAL1cEwKy8i6cTlbuCVgm0ejmM400pXLwoRrf-57cP3R_Z3j_yEaoL4VZja5_4MLh3qSj6bWgpRnuh55_-J4-IJ0g5LkiShxm1AxjgZ0pG5nUslp8zs/s400/TwoTree.jpg" alt="" 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font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";font-family:";font-size:100%;" >The concept that trees exist in two realms, one biological, and the second one the structural is not new. In nature it is not unusual to see a tree that is growing vigorously, yet is in danger of crashing to the ground because its structural stability has been compromised. Conversely you can see trees that are on their last legs biologically, but they are structurally solid.<br /></span></p><p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:100%;" >Trees are long lived organisms that are completely immobile in their environment. As the environment changes trees adapt, grow, decline and eventually die. This can take place over a matter of years or centuries. We, as stewards of the trees environment, can do a lot to help balance the equation and extend the life of these immobile giants. </span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:100%;" >Construction and grade changes play a major factor in the decline of many trees. If you are contemplating construction, from a simple fence, to the largest additions, contact your Arborist to discuss the building plans before you break ground. A preservation plan is always simpler and more effective than a recovery plan. Root damage is the most common effect of construction and is difficult and time consuming to correct. While you are working improve the root condition of a construction damaged tree, you must also consider insects, diseases. These secondary pathogens will be drawn to stressed trees. The presence of human activity always has a stressful impact on tree growth and survival.</span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:100%;" >Trees grown in forests have very different growth conditions, light, soil moisture, nutrient availability, than trees grown in open areas like yards and city parks. Trees have evolved to take advantage of the benefits of increased light and many will grow wide broad crowns that may lead to instability. Instability can lead to wind throw or sudden branch drop. If you examine trees after a major ice or wind storm these over extended branches may be the ones most damaged </span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:100%;" >Pruning, crown reduction, and thinning can carefully reduce the size of a tree. Careful pruning will extend the life of a tree in open areas and greatly reduced spaces. Tree pruning is an art that is backed up by science. Knowing when to prune and how much is a skill that experienced arborists train for years to develop. Knowing when and what not to prune is also vital to the outcome of any pruning project. Proper pruning can extend the lives of trees and help the balance between biology and structural stability. I.S.A Certified Arborists are constantly updated on the latest pruning methods backed up by scientific research on tree wound response. I.S.A. Certified arborists have up to date information on tree preservation. Contact your I.S.A. Certified Arborist to plan and execute your next pruning project. </span></p>Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-72204721283729963972011-12-15T03:08:00.000-08:002012-01-04T03:31:12.096-08:00The Joy of Wood Anatomy<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs7Z6_g9kvOP8oKvu_T3LTKVz4kUINvGYR8Liw5wsn0y_v4XgoyM0gmnM9ravgx70eOqDbqnXsaDzLm7uXrE1DFLKf_GJ_bBwb3Y6vadXtT2llH4iPyBJimj8hcQW_itbTnRKqmlmvvpq6/s1600/wood+1.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 240px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs7Z6_g9kvOP8oKvu_T3LTKVz4kUINvGYR8Liw5wsn0y_v4XgoyM0gmnM9ravgx70eOqDbqnXsaDzLm7uXrE1DFLKf_GJ_bBwb3Y6vadXtT2llH4iPyBJimj8hcQW_itbTnRKqmlmvvpq6/s320/wood+1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693735050670657570" border="0" 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style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" ><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" ><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" ><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" ><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" ><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" ><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" ><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" ><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >One of the most enjoyable chores is splitting wood. </span></span><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >This article could just have well been called things you see while splitting wood.</span></span><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >I know many people find this tedious and it can be dangerous. However if you know what you’re looking it can be a fascinating as any forensic drama on television.</span></span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >Trees do not heal like animals, cells in wood, generally, do not recover when injured.</span></span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >When compromised, the thick walled cells in wood are closed off from there adjoining cells by rot resistant chemicals like phenols and turpentines. Much the same way watertight doors are closed in a sinking submarine. These are the same chemicals that have been extracted for hundreds of years to produce wood preservatives and are the basis of many paints.</span></span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >While these have largely been synthesized in modern labs, trees still produce these protective phytochemicals each time they are injured. It still surprises many people that trees are living dynamic beings, even if they are completely immobile in their environment. </span></span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >Trees and woody shrubs contain or compartmentalize damaged plant tissue behind these strong chemical barriers and continue to grow over the injury. This process of compartmentalization prevents disease from entering the healthy tissue and overwhelming the plant and causing its death. A true case of life over limb, to save its life a tree will lose a damaged limb. </span></span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >Back to the task at hand, while splitting wood you can find old pruning wounds and injuries that have grown over, encapsulated in new living wood. These barriers are not only resistant to pathogens they can be resistant to splitting as well! With modern hydraulic wood splitters you can power through these tough barriers and see the story contained within. I was splitting a piece of oak that had been removed for construction. The tree was at least sixty years old and very healthy when it was taken down. As I worked through the tree piece by piece I was amazed by the wood’s structure, beautiful rays and grains. As I split one large round I noticed an old branch stub that had been properly pruned many years ago and was now completely grown over. The areas of compartmentalization were clearly defined in all directions from the wound. Above, below and around, you could see the dark staining that prevented rot from entering the trunk of the tree. Whoever made the cut had done so properly and did not injure the branch bark ridge, a key anatomical structure in trees, speeding growth over the wound and preventing the expansion of decay. The most interesting part was that from the outside there was no hint, not a bump or blemish, of the drama, contained within. In fact if you look at the other side of the same piece of fire wood there is not a clue that the limb was removed and the tree had successfully grown over the injury. Any pruning no matter how minor or major is an injury to the tree. Successful limb removal involves knowledge of the art of pruning and the science of plant anatomy.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I.S.A Certified Arborists are constantly updated on the latest pruning methods backed up by scientific research on tree wound response. Keep a keen eye on your firewood for these untold arbor-dramas and contact your I.S.A. Certified Arborist to plan and execute your next pruning project. </span></span></p>Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-39001448223930244812011-11-15T19:16:00.000-08:002011-12-06T19:22:18.160-08:00A Tale of Two Leaders<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVXp0B-qtA7p0z7M68dO8wZ1FftiuV57F7kqFxMcptpdUvR4Fpmfmc4Y9dVpsIG0XzOZ3vmG5F9_6gqzPkp4rW1qsUR1X3X5naB8BhFxW3lvL-qRoruBbzu2CRwoJr-XKyD4n_p6hKvKcC/s1600/co+dom+acer.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 225px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVXp0B-qtA7p0z7M68dO8wZ1FftiuV57F7kqFxMcptpdUvR4Fpmfmc4Y9dVpsIG0XzOZ3vmG5F9_6gqzPkp4rW1qsUR1X3X5naB8BhFxW3lvL-qRoruBbzu2CRwoJr-XKyD4n_p6hKvKcC/s400/co+dom+acer.jpg" alt="" 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font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";" >The condition of co-dominance occurs when two leaders, or main upright branches, of a tree are of the same size. Some trees naturally have a strong central leader. Species like pin oak, sweet gum and white spruce are typical examples. These species can display co-dominance when pruning removes the dominant leader. When this occurs one or more new leaders will take on the role and start to compete. This leads to bark being included in the narrow “V” crotch between the two leaders. Over time this union becomes weaker and weaker as the tree grows apart. </span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";" >Given the right conditions the two leaders will separate as the bark in the crotch splits and the tree tears itself apart. When the tree has been torn it is unable to form the protective boundaries that prevent decay from entering into the remaining leader. The weakened leader decays at an accelerated rate and can fail in an unpredictable manner. </span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";" >Timely pruning of young trees prevents this condition from developing and causing major problems later in the trees life. If the condition already exists, cabling and bracing can help to prevent catastrophic failure and extend the life of mature trees. These measures are not complicated but need to be performed by a skilled technician. It can be quite interesting and even Gothic, the measures that people will employ to prevent their trees from splitting. The correct, effective solution of cabling and bracing are so subtle and non-obtrusive, that I have been called out on many occasions to point them out. Not so with the logging chains, mummy cables, steel welded bars, and other assorted paraphernalia I have seen used in less successful attempts. </span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";" >Recently I was called out to look at a tree that I had on two occasion’s recommended remedial action to stabilize it. The tree, a mature Red Oak, had been covered with 6 inches of snow while in full leaf. The resulting stress pulled the 20 inch oak stems apart like pealing a banana. How unfortunate that the home owner declined to spend the small amount it would have taken to keep this 200 year old tree growing for another 100 years. Now they are faced with the cost of removing this giant tree a prospect many times more expensive than the original preventative action. A case of, “a stitch in time saving nine” if ever there was one. I.S.A. Certified Arborists are trained to identify and recommend corrective action to prevent the destructive forces that can be released in a co-dominant leader failure.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";" ></span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";" > </span></p>Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-19296545891329848642011-10-15T13:34:00.000-07:002011-12-01T16:28:13.068-08:00We Can Spare Some Green for the Forest!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifBEgdIoDsHou1j2hozQJl9l1k3mWlOeePHJE3s-_jL9kIc4ExZK24pa1A8PQYLJjy-4f3ipIBKwz_tKGSHgSZnwg7ocQj9i98RiCnllz6CwC0sTO7cO7Sl5cWhMEgc4XQ6yRzcBNwPKYQ/s640/blogger-image--344208610.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img style="width: 551px; height: 413px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifBEgdIoDsHou1j2hozQJl9l1k3mWlOeePHJE3s-_jL9kIc4ExZK24pa1A8PQYLJjy-4f3ipIBKwz_tKGSHgSZnwg7ocQj9i98RiCnllz6CwC0sTO7cO7Sl5cWhMEgc4XQ6yRzcBNwPKYQ/s640/blogger-image--344208610.jpg" border="0" /></a></div><br /><br />Trees and green space provide real quantifiable benefits to urban environments. People can exist for years, life times some times in environments void of green space and nature. We call these environments prisons, jails and , penitentiaries. Part of the penal punishment process is the intentional removal of all these natural things that contribute to the human experience.<br />The results of this de-naturalization are predictable and well documented in both institutional and traditional housing situations.<br />Increased violence, isolation, decreased sense of well being and increased crime and suicide rates among youth.<br />The point being made is why would we allow residential rental housing to be built without mandating minimum provisions for setbacks, green space ,parks and recrea tional facilities.<br />Have our urban planers all gone for lunch at the same time? I suspect not!<br />Given the space, private home owners in all cultures develop their own gardens for their recreation and even landscape their front yards to create attractive vital neighborhoods.<br />In our home towns we need to advocate for the building of neighborhoods and the end of rental housing wear houses.<br />Green space is the catalyst for neighborhood and community development.<br />Central Park in New York City revolutionized the concept of protected, preserved, public space for all the inhabitants of the city to enjoy. It has been under development pres sure from before it's construction and continues to need vigilant protection.<br />Real-estate development is a business and rightfully is concerned with maximizing profits for share holders. Planning boards and urban planers act on direction from city co uncils who are elected by their constituents. People must be willing to step forward to make sure guidelines are in place to create urban neighborhoods and not allow tracts of housing wear-houses to be built. With no green space or recreation facilities mandated into development plans we will be left with socio-cidal landscapes with increased crime, higher youth, and domestic violen ce and ultimately the ghettoization of our cities.<br />These issues will add to policing and other public service cost increases. And as public service implies the costs of theses dysfunctional landscapes will be passed on to we the people.<br />Pennies lost on increased development costs will result in dollars saved in long term social costs.<br />And the result will be better, safer neighborhoods with increased property values.<br />Put in trees, sidewalks, play spaces and people want to stay, interact and form communities.<br />ISA Certified Arborists know the values of well placed green assets.<br />Many consult with developers and urban planners to help our cities to be as healthy and growing as the trees within them.Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-24480126125338662342011-09-15T16:37:00.000-07:002011-11-01T02:33:13.788-07:00Major Cuts<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" 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priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >Far from the latest denizen of destruction for the social safety net this article focuses on one of the most destructive practices in pruning. Removing large limbs or whole stems is destructive and can lead to major tree failures. This can be in the short term or even more dangerous, in the distant future.</span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >The scenario usually involves a structure, like a home or garage that is being built or added on to, realizing the beauty and utility of a stately mature tree the home owner decides to locate the addition close to an existing tree. The dialog usually goes like this</span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >” I would like to build X right next to this tree and the builder says that that major limb has to go so it won’t hit the roof/wall/door”. “I need to have this 14 inch limb removed 10 feet up in this 60 foot maple tree”. What I would like to reply is “Can you move the garage over to the other side of the property where there are no trees? “ But not wanting to come off as a smart Alec I will try to explain the consequences. </span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >Making major cuts on the main stem of a healthy tree opens the trunk up to invasion by wood decay organisms and creates structural instability in the entire tree. Trees prevent decay by compartmentalizing the damaged wood. They produce rot resistant barriers using chemicals that the tree fabricates at considerable expense. The tree doesn’t head out to the hardware store and buy turpentine or stain it literally makes it! It doesn’t put it all on the credit card either however it uses its precious energy stores to create these protective bio chemicals. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Then it concentrates these protectors in cells near the injury. Once these cells have been used as protective barriers they die and become nonfunctional to the tree. It is a very energy expensive process. These protective zones can be hundreds or even thousands of cells deep. They disrupt the normal flow of nutrients and the tree has to grow over them to close the wound. This will take many years and when it has grown over, the tree will have a large hidden defect that can break unexpectedly. The results can be catastrophic not only for the tree but for the structure that has been built so close to the compromised tree.</span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >There is good evidence and many studies that also show that the removal of large limbs causes internal stress that can crack the interior wood of the tree and weaken its structural integrity. In nature major limbs rarely break and when they do as a result of extraordinary force, they break far away from the trunk and prevent decay from entering the main stem. Many times after storms the trees that fail are ones that have been pruned drastically low on the trunk in the past. Please consider all the options, including complete removal, before making these types of cuts. The practice of painting wounds is not first aid and would require an entire article to explain why it often does more harm than good.</span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >If you are considering construction close to mature trees contact your ISA Certified Arborist to develop comprehensive pruning plan.</span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" > </span></p>Tree Care Canadahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10725015723526487296noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8716092470705829691.post-55318772279924144762011-08-15T16:38:00.000-07:002011-10-13T17:01:21.696-07:00Circled Roots<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" 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style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >I spend the majority of my time examining trees. And I really like that! However lately I have been noticing more and more trees with circled or girdling roots. The outward expression of this condition can be very obvious, a large root or group of roots circling a tree above the surface of the soil quite clearly strangling the life out of the tree above. Or it can be practically un-noticeable, a buried root that circles around below the soil level choking the life out of a seemingly healthy tree. And the signs can also include thinning tree crown and eventually die back. Trees generally have a pronounced widening at the point where they enter the ground, called the basal flare. The tissue at the base of the tree is a mixture of trunk tissue and root tissue that is very tough and resistant to insects and decay. If you have ever burned piece of a stump it takes forever. If you have tried to chop a stump out with an axe you will know how tough this tissue is. In fact one of the most common ways to remove a stump is to grind it out like you would grind a rock. </span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >Root tissue is different from this transitional trunk flare tissue and will not join or graft to it when they come in contact. When the root tissue tries to grow over the trunk tissue, the tissues continue to expand compressing the trunk tissue. The phloem in the trunk tissue, the outermost layer of living cells is responsible for transporting sugars back down to the roots from the leaves where it if produced. The phloem becomes blocked and compressed by the root pressing against it and results in further swelling above the blockage. This continues until the tree completely blocks itself or the root is removed.</span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >This past weekend I purchased a Japanese black pine on a standard, while I was planting it I discovered several girdling roots. Fortunately they were small and I was able to remove them with a pair of pruners while I was planting it. </span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >The lesson learned is that even small trees can have potentially large problems. You must <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>carefully examine their roots and take corrective actions. Roots should move away from the trunk in a pattern resembling the spokes of a wheel. If they circle back or cross other roots sideways to the trunk, problems may be looming. </span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >Three seasons ago we were able to identify a potentially fatal root conflict on a Dawn redwood. We were able to excavate the root collar with high pressure air and carefully remove the root. Typically the results are slow to show, however this particular redwood made such a remarkable recovery, you can barely see where the root was circling the trunk. If appropriate timely action is taken the problem can be averted and the trees life extended. </span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" >If you have trees with troubled roots contact your ISA Certified Arborist to develop a root recovery plan.</span></p> <p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:235.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";font-size:11.0pt;" > </span></p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> 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